Medicine & Global Survival

Print publication of M&GS was suspended in 2002.

IPPNW's journal, M&GS, was an international peer-reviewed journal devoted exclusively to the health and environmental consequences of war, weapons of mass destruction, environmental degradation, natural and human-caused disasters, human rights questions, and humanitarian intervention.

M&GS provided a forum for the development of a knowledge base and informed discussion about issues crucial to IPPNW and its members. A complete archive of feature articles published in M&GS and its predecessor, the PSR Quarterly, is available here as PDF downloads.

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Medicine and Global Survival

The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster - special publication - June 2011 [PDF]

• Introduction
  The Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, Month 1: A Brief Chronology
  Fukushima Radioisotopes: Some Key Facts
• Editorials
• Commentaries
• In the News
• A First-Hand Account of Japan's Nuclear Crisis. Katsumi Furitsu, MD
• Young doctors speak out on the Fukushima disaster
• Japan's Nuclear Nightmare. Ronald McCoy, MD
• PSR Press Conference
• What may we learn from Fukushima? Frank Boulton, MD FRCPE FRCPath
• Radiation in medicine and in nuclear power plants: the same but very different. Andreas Nidecker, MD
• Children, Teens and the Japan Disaster. Harry Wang, MD

VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2 - FEBRUARY 2002

• Special Section: Where Do We Go From Here? The Aftermath of September 11. Douglas Holdstock,MSc, MD, FRCP; Neil Arya, MD; Mary-Wynne Ashford, MD, PhD; Ernesto Kahan MD, MPH; Zia Mian, PhD; Arjun Makhijani, PhD; Rasil Basu, MA, LLB, LLM [PDF]
• Projected US Casualties and Destruction of US Medical Services From Attacks by Russian Nuclear Forces. Ira Helfand, MD; Lachlan Forrow, MD; Michael McCally, MD, PhD; Robert K. Musil, MPH, PhD. [PDF]
• Maralinga: The Clean-Up Of a Nuclear Test Site. Alan Parkinson, BScTech, MScSoc [PDF]
• Bioterrorism Preparedness: Cooptation of Public Health? Victor W. Sidel, MD; Robert M. Gould, MD; Hillel W. Cohen, DrPH [PDF]
• From Enemy to Peacemaker: The Role of Private Military Companies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Jesse Selber, MPH, Kebba Jobarteh, MPH [PDF]
• The Severe Impact of Climate Change on Developing Countries
  Dr. Joachim Gross [PDF]

VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1 - APRIL 2001

• Why Mistakes Happen Even When the Stakes Are High:
  The Many Dimensions of Human allibility. Lloyd J. Dumas, PhD [PDF]
• Japanese Civil Society and U.S.-Japan Security Relations in the 1990s
  Naoki Kamimura, PhD [PDF]
• Small Arms: A Major Public Health Hazard. Wendy Cukier, MA, MPH; Antoine Chapdelaine, MD, MPH, FRCS(c). [PDF]
• Armed Violence. Robin Coupland, FRC. [PDF]
• Landmines in Russia and the Former Soviet Union: A Lethal Epidemic
  Roman Dolgov. [PDF]
Commentary & Opinion
• Depleted Uranium Weapons and Acute Post-War Health Effects: An IPPNW Assessment. IPPNW. [PDF]
  

VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2 - JUNE 2000

• The Medical First Response to Bioterrorism. Tara O’Toole, MD, MPH. [PDF]
• A Public Health Response to Bioterrorism. Scott Lillibridge, MD. [PDF]
• Pesticides and Parkinsonism: Is There a Link between Environmental Toxins and Neurodegenerative Disorders? Alan Lockwood, MD. [PDF]
• Refugee-Related Emergencies: Lessons Learned from the Emergency Management of Hunger Strikers. Frederick M. Burkle, Jr, MD, MPH; Jimmy T.S. Chan, MBBS (HK), FRCS (Ed); Richard S.D. Yeung, MBBCh (NUI), MRCP (UK); Hung C. Lee, MBBS (HK); Jaime Bendeck, MD; Cheong F. Yam, MBChB (HK); Raymond L. M. Chan, MBBS (HK). [PDF]
• Debt Relief: A Millennium Gift for Global Health. Mike Rowson. [PDF]
• Environmental Security and Public Health: Steps Toward a New Theoretical Framework. Tee L. Guidotti, MD, MPH; John M. Balbus, MD, MPH. [PDF]
• The Emergence of Megacities. J.R. Schubel, Carolyn Levi. [PDF]
• The SIrUS Project: Progress Report on "Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering" in Relation to the Legality of Weapons. Robin M. Coupland, MD; Peter Herby [PDF]

VOLUME 6, NUMBER 1 - AUGUST 1999

• Childhood Cancer in the Vicinity of German Nuclear Power Plants
  Alfred Körblein, MD and Wolfgang Hoffman, MD, MPH. [PDF]
  
• Regional Nuclear War in South Asia: Effects on Surrounding Countries
  Nicholas Wilson, MBChB, FAFPHM, MPH. [PDF]

Hospitals in War

• Health Services for Refugees in Host Country Hospitals: The Example of Croatia (1993-1997). Leila J. Richards, MD, MPH. [PDF]
• Emergency Medical Care During the First Three Months of the Siege of Sarajevo. Nedim Jaganjac, MD, MPH. [PDF]

Commentaries

• What Should Have Been Done in Kosovo? John Loretz, Herman Spanjaard, MD, Victor W. Sidel, MD. [PDF]
• Facing Up to Genocide: The Obligation to Intervene. Holly Burkhalter [PDF]

VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2 - OCTOBER 1998

Special Report: The South Asian Bomb

• Effects of a Nuclear Blast Over Bombay. M. V. Ramana, PhD [PDF]
  
• The Politics of South Asia’s Nuclear Crisis. Zia Mian, PhD [PDF]
  
• Indefensible Acts: South Asian Dissenters Speak Out Despite the Risks
  John Loretz [PDF]

Other Articles

• The Anthrax Dilemma. Victor W. Sidel, MD, Meryl Nass, MD, Tod Ensign, JD, LLM [PDF]
• Global Population: Milestones, Hopes, and Concerns. Vaclav Smil, PhD [PDF]
• A Letter From Chelyabinsk--April, 1998: The End of Glasnost or the Beginning of a Civil Society? David Rush, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 - JANUARY 1998

• False Alarm or Public Health Hazard?: Chronic Low-Dose External Radiation Exposure Wolfgang Köhnlein, PhD, Rudi H. Nussbaum, PhD. [PDF]
  
• Antipersonnel Landmines: A Long Term Burden on Global Health
  Ian Maddocks, MD [PDF]
• Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production, and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction [Excerpts]
  
• Towards a Determination of Which Weapons Cause "Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering". Robin M. Coupland, MD [PDF]
• Next Steps After Rio +5: A Physician Briefing on Health and the Environment
  Michael McCally, MD [PDF]
• Drought and Health Implications in Mozambique. Miguel Aragón, MD; Avertino Barreto, MD, Msc.; Paul R. Epstein, MD, MPH [PDF]
• Commentary -- Nuclear Disarmament: Reality or Illusion? Gururaj Mutalik, MD [PDF]
• Commentary: Looking Beyond the Chemical Weapons Convention
  Victor W. Sidel, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 4 - 1997

• From Arms Race to Human Race. Dr. Oscar Arías Sanchez. [PDF]
• Nuclear Weapons, the Military and the Law: Reflections on the World Court Decision Robert Green, Commander, Royal Navy (Retired). [PDF]
• The Future of the Global Physicians Movement. Jonathan M. Mann, MD, MPH [PDF]
• Physicians and the Prevention of War Joanna Santa Barbara, MBBS, FRANZCP, FRCP. [PDF]
• Notes on a Misunderstood Decision: The World Court's Near Perfect Advisory Opinion in the Nuclear Weapons Case Peter Weiss [PDF]
• Nuremberg and Nuclear Weapons.David Krieger. [PDF]
  

VOLUME 3 - 1996

[As of January 1996, M&GS suspended quarterly print publication and published new articles entirely on the Internet.]

• Emergency Psychiatric Service Following the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake Masaya Yoshioka, et al. [PDF]
• The Mysteries of Reprocessing Spent Nuclear Fuel David Rush. [PDF]
• Letter From Kiev and Moscow: Nuclear Realities Ten Years after Chernobyl
  David Rush, MD [PDF]
• Psychosocial Interventions for Children of War: The Value of a Model of Resiliency. Roberta J. Apfel, MD, MPH; Bennett Simon, MD [PDF]
• The Effects of Weapons: Defining Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering Robin Coupland, F.R.C.S. [PDF]
• Infectious Diseases: An Ecological Perspective. Mary E. Wilson, MD (Originally published in the British Medical Journal, December 23, 1995). [PDF]
• The International Arms Trade and Its Impact on Health. Victor W. Sidel, MD (Originally published in the British Medical Journal, December 23, 1995). [PDF]
• Nuremberg Lamentation: For the Forgotten Victims of Medical Science. William E. Seidelman, MD (Originally published in the British Medical Journal, December 7, 1996). [PDF]
• Not a Slippery Slope or Sudden Subversion: German Medicine and National Socialism in 1933. Hartmut M Hanauske-Abel, MD (Originally published in the British Medical Journal, December 7, 1996). [PDF]
• Health Sector Response to Security Threats During the Civil War in El Salvador. Paula E. Brentlinger, MD (Originally published in the British Medical Journal, December 7, 1996). [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 4 - DECEMBER 1995

• Health Consequences of Exposures to Ionizing Radiation from External and Internal Sources: Challenges to Radiation Protection Standards and Biomedical Research Rudi H.Nussbaum, MD, Wolfgang Köhnlein, PhD [PDF]
• Promoting Health as a Sustainable State (Part 2). Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, MPH [PDF]
• Health Consequences and Medical and Public Health Response to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan: A Case Study in Disaster Planning. Osamu Kunii, MD, MPH, Masumi Akagi, Etsuko Kita, MD, PhD. [PDF]
• The Environment, Risk, and Health: Notes Toward a New Framework for Thinking About the Issues Tee L.Guidotti, MD [PDF]
• The Role of Medicine in Conservation: A Look at Madagascar. Oliver Backhouse, MD [PDF]
• A Remedial Treasure in Our Tropical Timberyard? Arnoud P.van Seters, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 3 - SEPTEMBER 1995

• Russian Journal, July 1995. David Rush, MD.
• In the Shadow of Nuremberg: Pursuing War Criminals in the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Eric Stover. [PDF]
• Whither Nuremberg?: Medicine's Continuing Nazi Heritage. William E. Seidelman, MD. [PDF]
• Nuremberg and the Nuclear Question. Norman Paech, JD. [PDF]
• Promoting Health as a Sustainable State (Part 1). Dr. Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend, MPH. [PDF]
• Can We Prevent the Use of Chemical Weapons by Terrorists? R. Justin Smith, JD, Victor W. Sidel, MD, Meryl Nass, MD, Leonard A. Cole, PhD, Kenjiro Yokoro, MD. [PDF]
• Global Bioethics: Converting Sustainable Development to Global Survival
  Van Rensselaer Potter, PhD, Lisa Potter, BA. [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 2 - 1995

• The Fifty Years of the Two Japans. Yoshikazu Sakamoto. [PDF]
• The Debacle of the Enola Gay Exhibit: The Politicization of History. Stanley Goldberg, PhD. [PDF]
• The Fate of the Gypsies at Auschwitz Karl Bonhoeffer, MD. [PDF]
• Life After Auschwitz and Buchenwald: Experiences of a Concentration Camp Survivor. Max Hamburger, MD. [PDF]
• Children of the Atomic Bomb: An American Physician's Memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima, and the Marshall Islands. James N. Yamazaki, MD, Louis B. Fleming. [PDF]
• Caught Between Conscience Complicity: Human Rights Violations and the Health Professions. Torsten Lucas, MD, Christian Pross, MD. [PDF]
• Nuclear Weapons Illegality -- The Public Health Case. Nicholas Wilson, FAFPHM, DIH, MPH, Michael Baker, FAFPHM, DipObs. [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 - 1995

• Reverberations of Militarism: Toxic Contamination, the Environment, and Health. Ted H.Schettler, MD, MPH [PDF]
• A Letter from Krasnoyarsk. David Rush, MD. [PDF]
  
• U.S. Defense Nuclear Materials Production Sites: Do They Attract or Repel Jobs? Jurgen Brauer, PhD. [PDF]
  
• The Environmental and Economic Legacy of the Nuclear Arms Race on the Communities of the Nuclear Weapons Complex: A Commentary on Jurgen Brauer. Greg Bischak, PhD. [PDF]
  
• The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process -- A New Lease on Life in the Middle East: Medical and Environmental Perspectives. Ernesto Kahan, MD, MPH. [PDF]
  

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 4 - 1994

• Humanitarian Action in Current Armed Conflicts: Opportunities and Obstacles. Remi Russbach, MD and Daniel Fink, PhD. [PDF]
  
• The Rapid Assessment of Health Problems in Refugee and Displaced Populations. Michael Toole, MD. [PDF]
• Preventing Humanitarian Crises Through Peace-Building and Democratic Empowerment: Lessons From Cambodia.Stephen P. Marks, PhD. [PDF]
  
• Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Moral Quandaries. Sissela Bok, PhD. [PDF]
  
• The Failures of "Intervention-From-Above": Is There an Alternative Model for Humanitarian Intervention. Richard Falk, SJD. [PDF]
  
• The Diplomat/Physician in the Emerging International System
  Louis M.Marmon, MD, Christopher M. Seniw, BA and Allan E. Goodman, MPA, PhD. [PDF]
  

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 3 - 1994

• Rwanda: Why There Must Be a War Crimes Tribunal. Napoleon Abdulai [PDF]
  
• Bosnia: War and Public Health. Jonathan M. Mann, MD, MPH, Ernest Drucker, PhD, Daniel Tarantola, MD, Mary Pat McCabe [PDF]
  
• War, Sanctions, and Humanitarian Assistance: The Iraqi Stalemate
  Sarah Zaidi, ScD [PDF]
  
• Human Security During Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: Rapid Assessment and Institutional Capabilities. Lincoln C. Chen, MD and Aafje Reitveld, MD [PDF]
• The North Korean Nuclear Crisis. Paul Leventhal and Steven Dolley [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2 - 1994

• Gun Violence-A Call for Physician Activism: Lessons from the Struggle to Ban Weapons of Mass Destruction. Robert C. Wesley, MD and Victor W. Sidel, MD [PDF]
• Limits of Epidemiology. Steve Wing [PDF]
• A Letter From Osijek. Robert Chernack, MD and Lawrence Dressner [PDF]
• The Third World Debt as a Symptom of the Global Crisis. Robin Stott, FRCP [PDF]
• Politics, Resources and the Environment. James O'Connell, PhD [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 - 1994

• U.S. Government-Sponsored Radiation Research on Humans, 1945-1975
  Michael McCally, MD, PhD, Christine K. Cassel, MD and Daryl G.Kimball [PDF]
• Victims of Antipersonnel Mines: What Is Being Done? Robin M. Coupland, FRCS and Remi Russbach, MD [PDF]
• The Impact of Energy Use in Industrialised Countries upon Global Population Health. Anthony J.McMichael, MBBS, PhD, Alistair J.Woodward, MBBS, MPH, PhD, and Ruud E.van Leeuwen, MSc [PDF]
• Medicine, Public Health, and the Lurid Ethics of the Cold War
  H. Jack Geiger, MD [PDF]
• Secrecy and Nuclear Accidents in the Southern Urals
  Vyacheslav B. Sharov, MD [PDF]
• On the Sensitivity of Children to Radiation. Roland Scholz, MD [PDF]
  
• Sarajevo: Reflections on the Day No One Died. H. Jack Geiger, MD [PDF]

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The PSR Quarterly

VOLUME 3, NUMBER 4 - 1993

• Population: What Does It Mean to Health? J. Joseph Speidel, MD, MPH
• Global Climate Change and Human Ecology. Tee L. Guidotti, MD, MPH
• A New International Order and Its Implications for U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy. Robert S. McNamara
• Sentencing Environmental Offenders. Paul A. Chernoff, J.D.
• Population: A View From the South. Angela M. Wakhweya, MD
• Population: The Link Between North and South. Hari Sharan, PhD
• Threats to a Sustainable Future: We Know Enough to Start Changing. Andrew St. John, A.I.A.
• A Proposal to Promote Clean Energy in the Developing World. Hari Sharan, PhD

VOLUME 3, NUMBER 3 - 1993

• The Hanford Data: Issues of Age at Exposure and Dose Recording. Alice M. Stewart, MD and George W. Kneale, MD [PDF]
• Dioxin and Its Effects on Reproductive Systems. Claude Hughes, PhD, MD [PDF]
• Medical Education and Global Climate Change: Report of a Third-Year Course. Tee L. Gusidotti, MD, MPH [PDF]
• Peacekeeping in the Name of Humanity. William Lewis, PhD [PDF]
• The Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Human Health. Roger L. Shapiro, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 3, NUMBER 2 - 1993

• A Case Study in Estimating Casualties from War and Its Aftermath: The 1991 Persian Gulf War. Beth Osborne Daponte, M.A. [PDF]

VOLUME 3, NUMBER 1 - 1993

• On Childhood Lead Poisoning and Social Responsibility. Evelyn A. Mauss, Sc.D. [PDF]
• Population and Environment: Core Issues for PSR's Agenda on Peace and Security. Gilbert S. Omenn, MD, PhD [PDF]
• Farewell to Arms: The Impact of the Arms Race on the Human Condition. Victor W. Sidel, MD [PDF]
• Science, Public Policy, and a Critic's Dilemma. Sandra Scarr, PhD [PDF]
• The Right to Know in a Troubled and Victimized Society. Svetlana Tutorskaya [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 4 - 1992

• Estimate of the Risk of Leukemia to Residents Exposed to Radiation as a Result of a Nuclear Accident in the Southern Urals. Mira M. Kossenko, MD, Marina O. Degteva, PhD, Nelly A. Petrushova, MD [PDF]
• Anthrax Epizootic in Zimbabwe, 1978-1980: Due to Deliberate Spread? Meryl Nass, MD [PDF]
• Scientific Integrity and Adequate Health Services: Twin Casualties of the Nuclear Arms Race. Bruce Amundson, MD [PDF]
• Understanding the Health Impacts of Nuclear Weapons Production in the Southern Urals: An Important Beginning. Scott Davis, PhD [PDF]
• International Arms Trade: A Barrier to Democracy and to Public Health. George A. Ellsworth, MD, Christine K. Cassel, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 3 - 1992

• Childhood Lead Poisoning: Man-Made and Eradicable.
  Herbert L. Needleman, MD [PDF]
• Desert Storm? or Thyroid Storm? An Inquiry.
  Herbert L. Abrams, MD [PDF]
• Cholera and the Environment: An Introduction to Climate Change. Paul R. Epstein, MD, MPH [PDF]
• Call for Global Environmental Action. Gro Harlem Brundtland, MD, MPH [PDF]
• The Landmark Needleman Study of Childhood Lead Poisoning: Scientific and Social Aftermath. Paul Mushak, PhD [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 2 - 1992

• Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet Psychiatry. Lawrence M. Probes, MD, Vladimir Kouznetsov, MD, PhD, Vladimir Verbitski, MD, PhD, and Vadim Molodyi, MD [PDF]
• Lead Poisoning Among Children in Katowice, Poland. Robert W. Ryder, MD [PDF]
• Children of Armed Conflict: The Case of 105 Ethiopian Children Repatriated After Extended Stays in a Somali POW Camp. Almaz Eshete, Ed.M. [PDF]
• Mustard Gas. Seth Schonwald, MD [PDF]
• Further Thoughts on Chernobyl. Kai Erikson, PhD [PDF]
• Enemies of Utopia. Donald B. Louria, MD [PDF]
• Forsaking Reassurance: A Prescription for Physician Leadership on the Environment. Anthony Robbins, MD, M.P.A. [PDF]

VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 - 1992

• Health Care After Chernobyl: Radiation, Scarcity, and Fear. Andrew M. Davis, MD [PDF]
• Gunshot Injuries With Plastic Bullets Treated in a Small Community Hospital in the Gaza Strip. Jay J. Schnitzer, MD, PhD [PDF]
• Some Pitfalls in Studies of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: The Healthy Dose Effect, Significance Questing, and Exposure Reductionism. Gregg S. Wilkinson, PhD [PDF]
• Risk and Biological Defense Research. Leonard A. Cole, PhD [PDF]
• Reverence for Life and Community Solidarity: An International Perspective. Jonathan M. Mann, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 4 - 1991

• Child Survival and Global Sustainability: Malthus Revisted. Ronald J. Waldman, MD, MPH [PDF]
• "The World We Have Lost": Western Historiography and Attitudes Toward Death and Bereavement Among Peoples of Pre-Industrial Europe. Janelle Greenberg, PhD [PDF]
• Difficulties in Verifying the Use of Chemical Weapons and the Implications: Some Brief Case Studies. Jan L. Willems, MD, PhD [PDF]
• Nuclear Disarmament. Eduard A. Sheverdnadze [PDF]
• How German Firms Helped Arm Iraq. Joachim Bartelt, Arend Wellmann [PDF]
• Humanity at War: The Environmental Price. Abdullah Toukan, PhD [PDF]
• The Animal Victims of the Gulf War. John Loretz [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 3 - 1991

• Osthofen: The Terrain of Denial. Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel, MD [PDF]
• Operation Just Cause: A Case Study in Estimation of Casualties After War. Paul Wise, MD, Nancy D. Arnison, J.S., Gregg Bloche, MD, J.D., Jane G. Schaller, MD [PDF]
• A Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data Resource. S. Jay Olshansky, PhD, Gary Williams, PhD [PDF]
• Jimmy Carter Speaks to Physicians. Jimmy Carter [PDF]
• Needed: A National Program for Disaster Medical Preparedness. Leo V. Bosner, Larry S. Jordan [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2 - 1991

• Nerve Gases. Alan H. Lockwood, MD [PDF]
• Fostering Ecological and Human Health. Anthony D. Cortese, Sc.D., Audrey S. Armoudlian [PDF]
• Social Choices in the Arms Race. Oscar Arias-Sanchez, PhD [PDF]
• Global Security: A Role for Health Professionals. Andrew Haines, MD [PDF]
• Quid Est Amor Patriae. Victor W. Sidel, MD [PDF]
• War, Conscientious Objection, and Physicians for Social Responsibility. Daniel T. Young. MD [PDF]
• Why I Serve. Edward B. Marsh, MD [PDF]
• The Obligation to Treat. Ira Helfand, MD [PDF]
• Conscience and Obligation: Physicians and "Just War." H. Jack Geiger, MD [PDF]

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 - 1991

• The Neutron Bomb. Michael McCally, MD, PhD [PDF]
• The Health Effects of Radioactive Fallout on Marshall Islanders: Health Policy Issues of Nuclear Weapons Production. Thomas E. Hamilton, MD, PhD [PDF]
• The Labyrinth of Biological Defense. Meryl Nass, MD [PDF]
• Biological Weapons Research and Physicians: Historical and Ethical Analysis. Victor W. Sidel, MD [PDF]
• Death and Numbers: Semmelweis the Statistician. Herbert F. Spirer, PhD, Louise Spirer [PDF]
• Profiles in Responsibility: Alice Stewart Christine K. Cassel, MD. [PDF]